STOCKHOLM – Sweden’s bid to join NATO — held up for almost two years — cleared its next-to-last hurdle when Turkey’s parliament gave its go-ahead to let the Nordic country into the alliance.
All existing NATO countries must give their approval before a new member can join the alliance, and Hungary is now the only member that hasn’t given Sweden the green light.
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Here is a look at Sweden's complicated path toward NATO membership.
WHY DOES SWEDEN WANT TO JOIN NATO?
Sweden has stayed out of military alliances for more than 200 years and long ruled out seeking NATO membership. But after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it ditched its longstanding policy of nonalignment almost overnight and decided to apply to join the alliance together with neighboring Finland.
Both Sweden and Finland had already developed strong ties with NATO after the end of the Cold War, but public opinion remained firmly against full membership until the war in Ukraine.
Nonalignment was seen as the best way to avoid creating tensions with Russia, their powerful neighbor in the Baltic Sea region. But the Russian aggression caused a dramatic shift in both countries, with polls showing a surge in support for NATO membership.
Political parties in both Finland and Sweden decided they needed the security guarantees that only come with full membership in the U.S.-led alliance.
WHY IS IT TAKING SO LONG?
While Finland became NATO's 31st member in April of last year, Sweden's application has been held up by Turkey and Hungary.
To let Sweden join, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan put forth a series of conditions including a tougher stance toward groups that Turkey regards as threats to its security, such as Kurdish militants and members of a network it blames for a failed coup in 2016.
Although the Swedish government tried to appease Erdogan by lifting an arms embargo on Turkey and promising to cooperate on fighting terrorism, public demonstrations in Sweden by supporters of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or PKK, and by anti-Muslim activists who burned the Quran complicated the situation.
Pressure from the U.S. and other NATO allies on Turkey to remove its objections to Swedish membership appeared to have little effect until Erdogan said at a NATO summit last year that he would send the documents to Parliament for approval. But the issue was held up in Parliament until lawmakers finally held a vote on the issue Tuesday and ratified Sweden’s accession protocol by 287 votes to 55.
That leaves Hungary as the last hurdle for Sweden's NATO bid. Hungary initially didn't given any clear reason for its delays and Prime Minister Viktor Orbán long insisted that his country wouldn't be the last to give Sweden its approval. But the tone toward Stockholm hardened last year, with Hungary accusing Swedish politicians of telling “blatant lies” about the condition of Hungary’s democracy.
Orbán, who has broken ranks with NATO allies by adopting a Kremlin-friendly stance toward Russia's invasion of Ukraine, said Tuesday that he had invited Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson to Budapest to discuss "future cooperation in the field of security and defence as allies and partners.”
Unless an emergency session of Hungary’s parliament is called to debate Sweden's NATO bid, its next scheduled assembly is expected on Feb. 26.
WHAT WOULD SWEDEN BRING TO THE ALLIANCE?
The inclusion of Sweden would leave the Baltic Sea surrounded by NATO countries, strengthening the alliance in the strategically important region. The Baltic Sea is Russia’s maritime point of access to the city of St. Petersburg and the Kaliningrad enclave.
Sweden's armed forces, though sharply downsized since the Cold War, are widely seen as a potential boost to NATO's collective defense in the region. The Swedes have a modern air force and navy and have committed to increase defense spending to reach NATO's target of 2% of gross domestic product.
Like the Finns, Swedish forces have for years participated in joint exercises with NATO.
HOW HAS RUSSIA REACTED?
Not surprisingly, Moscow reacted negatively to Sweden and Finland's decision to abandon nonalignment and seek NATO membership, and warned of unspecified countermeasures.
Russia said the move adversely affected the security situation in Northern Europe, which it said ”had previously been one of the most stable regions in the world.”
Finland's security service said in October that the country's relations with Russia had deteriorated significantly and that Moscow now considers its western neighbor as a hostile country.
Both Sweden and Finland have warned of an increased risk of Russian interference and hybrid attacks.